This study included 9,892 adults (4,758 men, 5,134 women). Nocturia occurred in 3,314 individuals (33.5%). Nocturia was more common in older individuals, women, smokers, and those with higher BMI and metabolic diseases. In addition, the prevalence of CVD was significantly higher in those with nocturia at the baseline survey. In the follow-up data up to 2015, adults with nocturia showed a significantly higher incidence of all-cause and CVD mortality than those without nocturia.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed a significantly higher rate of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality in participants with nocturia than in those without nocturia. In the multiple Cox regression analysis, nocturia was significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 1.23, 95%CI: 1.10–1.39, p<0.001) and CVD mortality (HR 1.55, 95%CI: 1.19–2.01, p=0.001). Mild and moderate-to-severe nocturia were both significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.17, 95%CI: 1.03–1.32, p=0.014; HR 1.67, 95%CI: 1.36–2.06, p<0.001, respectively) and CVD mortality (HR 1.49, 95%CI: 1.14–1.96, p=0.004; HR 1.90, 95%CI: 1.20–2.99, p=0.006, respectively). Considering the heterogeneity of the participants with nocturia, additional analysis was performed using 1:1 propensity score matching. With propensity score matching, nocturia was still significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.25, 95%CI: 1.10–1.41, p<0.001) and CVD mortality (HR 1.58, 95%CI: 1.2–2.07, p=0.001). Mild and moderate-to-severe nocturia were significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.18, 95%CI: 1.04–1.34, p=0.012; HR 1.69, 95%CI: 1.37–2.09, p<0.001, respectively) and CVD mortality (HR 1.52, 95%CI: 1.15–2.02, p=0.004; HR 1.94, 95%CI: 1.23–3.08, p=0.005, respectively).
In subgroup analysis according to sex, nocturia was significantly associated with all-cause mortality and CVD mortality in men. In women, moderate to severe nocturia was significantly associated with all-cause mortality and CVD mortality. In subgroup analysis according to cardio-metabolic diseases, nocturia was associated with CVD mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia or CVD at baseline. In subgroup analysis of patients without diabetes mellitus, hypertension or CVD, nocturia was significantly associated with all-cause mortality.