In the end, we collected 2600 UDS traces and reports from 50 UDS centers. A total of 2480 urodynamic traces and reports were included in the final analysis, with 120 excluded due to inability to identify or incomplete information. The average age of the included patients in the final analysis was 58.9 years, with 1370 (55.2%) being male and 1110 (44.8%) female. The most common diagnoses were bladder outlet obstruction (76.6%), detrusor overactivity (30.5%), and decreased bladder compliance (18.0%). In the comprehensive review, the top five artefacts or errors were as follows: no regular cough test 42.4% (IQR: 4.0, 76.0), no cough check after pressure-flow 40.8% (IQR: 0.0, 100.0), beyond the typical value range 27.3% (IQR: 3.5, 28.5), non-standard zero-setting 26.4% (IQR: 3.5, 20.0), and pressure drift 26.2% (IQR: 20.0, 30.0).
A total of 300 UDS operators participated in the survey, with 288 meeting all inclusion criteria. The average age of participating operators was 36±6.4 years, with 153 (53.1%) being male and 135 (46.9%) female. The survey included 145 (50.4%) doctors, 111 (38.5%) nurses, and 32 (11.1%) medical technicians. Health-related results showed that 48 participants (16.7%) had insomnia, 69 (24.0%) felt anxious, and 60 (20.8%) felt stressed about UDS work. Only 71 participants (24.6%) were full-time employees. They completed an average of 200 UDS examinations per year (IQR: 100, 400). 167 participants (58.0%) were dissatisfied with their current salary related to UDS, and 24 (8.3%) participants wanted to quit UDS-related work. The average duration of UDS training received by participants was 1.0 month (IQR: 0.4, 3.0), with only 121 participants (42.0%) obtaining UDS training certificates. Regression analysis results showed significant correlations between specific artefacts and errors and variables such as education level, professional title, hospital level, caffeine consumption, smoking, insomnia, stress related to UDS work, duration of UDS work per week (days), full-time employment status, annual number of UDS examinations, responsible for both examination and report interpretation, perception of UDS work prospects, duration of UDS training, UDS qualification certificate, and willingness to continue UDS training.