Regenerative medicine and stem cell therapies have garnered significant attention as promising solutions for various urological conditions, ranging from erectile dysfunction and incontinence to renal failure and bladder dysfunction. The potential for tissue regeneration and functional restoration holds great promise, particularly in cases where traditional treatments have limited success.

This systematic review aims to evaluate the current state of regenerative medicine and stem cell therapies in urology, examining their clinical outcomes, safety profiles, and future prospects.

A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, focusing on studies that utilized stem cell therapies, tissue engineering, and regenerative approaches in urological conditions. The findings revealed a growing body of evidence supporting the potential efficacy of stem cells in treating a variety of urological disorders:
	•	Erectile Dysfunction (ED): Multiple studies demonstrated positive outcomes in erectile function restoration following stem cell therapy, with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showing promise in improving vascularization and tissue repair in penile tissue.
	•	Urinary Incontinence: Stem cell-based therapies, particularly those involving adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), have shown significant improvements in bladder function and sphincter control, with some studies reporting improved quality of life in patients with stress urinary incontinence.
	•	Bladder Dysfunction: Studies exploring stem cells for bladder reconstruction in cases of bladder cancer and congenital defects have shown promising results, with stem cells contributing to tissue regeneration and functional restoration.

However, while the evidence supports the potential of stem cell-based therapies, challenges remain, such as the optimal stem cell source, delivery methods, long-term outcomes, and safety concerns, including tumorigenicity and immune rejection.

The reviewed literature highlights the promising therapeutic potential of stem cell-based approaches in urology, particularly for erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, and bladder dysfunction. Positive clinical and preclinical outcomes suggest that stem cells—especially MSCs, ADSCs, and BMSCs—can enhance tissue repair, vascularization, and functional restoration. These findings support stem cells as a viable option for regenerative urology. However, the variability in study designs, stem cell sources, and treatment protocols limits generalizability. Furthermore, unresolved issues such as optimal cell type, delivery techniques, and safety concerns like immune responses and tumor formation indicate that further controlled studies are essential before widespread clinical application.

Regenerative medicine and stem cell therapies represent a promising frontier in urology, offering new avenues for the treatment of conditions that are otherwise challenging to manage. Although the preclinical and early clinical results are encouraging, further research, including well-designed randomized controlled trials, is needed to establish the safety, efficacy, and long-term outcomes of these therapies. Standardization of treatment protocols, appropriate stem cell sourcing, and rigorous safety evaluations will be crucial in translating these therapies from experimental to routine clinical practice.