Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in the males. Although PSA being used as a early diagnostic test for the Prostate cancer however PSA give the false positive result and there is need to develop a more precise biomarker for identification of 
at early stage. Lack of appropriate sensitive and specific biomarkers for prostate cancer has led to overdiagnosis and overtreatment, making lncRNAs promising novel biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for the disease.The present study has planned to investigate the potential of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as biomarkers for prostate cancer using liquid biopsies.

This 18-month prospective observational study included a total of 150 participants, divided into three groups: 50 patients with prostate cancer, 50 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 50 healthy controls. The expression levels of three long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)—MALAT1, SChLAP1, and FR0348383—were analyzed in plasma and urine samples from all participants. Additionally, their expression was examined in prostate cancer tissue samples from subsets of the prostate cancer and BPH groups (n=49 and n=5, respectively).

Our study demonstrated a significant overexpression of MALAT1 in plasma, urine, and prostate cancer tissue compared to the BPH and healthy control groups (p = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.718 (P < 0.001) for MALAT1. With a defined cut-off value of 10.5, MALAT1 exhibited a diagnostic accuracy with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 90% for distinguishing prostate cancer cases from controls. Similarly, SChLAP1 was markedly overexpressed in plasma and prostate cancer tissue. In contrast, FR0348383 displayed elevated expression levels in urine and tissue, albeit with lower statistical significance.

Our study highlights the potential of MALAT1, SChLAP1, and FR0348383 as promising non-invasive biomarkers for prostate cancer detection using liquid biopsies with highest expression of MALAT1. The identification of novel prostate cancer associated lncRNAs may facilitate the discovery of potential therapeutic targets for treatment. Andes-1537, an FDA-approved candidate for clinical trials, was specifically designed to target mitochondrial long non-coding RNA (mtlncRNA). Comprehensive loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies on a large scale are essential to establish the causal roles of lncRNAs in disease pathogenesis. Additionally, there is a pressing need to develop genetic model systems to elucidate the mechanisms of lncRNA function in vivo. Therapeutic approaches such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) have been employed to target disease-associated lncRNAs.

IncRNAs hold promise as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for prostate cancer. However, limitations such as small sample size, cross-sectional design, and lack of functional validation necessitate further large-scale studies to confirm their clinical relevance.